Plant‐based feed additives in <scp><i>Cyprinus carpio</i></scp> aquaculture

Species feeding lower at the food web like cyprinids (carp) are often advocated for sustainable aquaculture. However, their gastrointestinal biology (lack of stomach) has limited acid-peptic digestion, acid lysis plants and invertebrate tissues, phosphorus uptake. This review presents data from 118 articles on use plant-based feed additives (PFAs) in Cyprinus carpio (common carp). Our shows that most PFA research carp is focused improving nutrient utilization efficiency along various levels (in vivo digestibility, metabolizability to situ loading), while other half ensuring animal welfare standards (biomass, immunity, welfare). Several reviewed however tend do both. The PFAs include essential oils (EOs), plant-part extracts (PPEs), medicinal (herbs) spices. effective inclusion rate EOs (0.5%–0.75%). Whereas PPEs, herbs spices work a generic 2%–5% feeds. Even an optimum rate, there factors controlling efficacy such as methods preparation (reviewed). lemon beebrush, geranium, dill, Rosemary pepper common mallow with/without certain pre-conditions better avoid cyprinid diets. Although may potentially alter organoleptic qualities flesh or might assist training information these aspects limited. also provides quick guide researchers companies interested exploring potential C. Potential could be valuable cyprinids, but not yet explored listed.